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Causes and consequences of the condition of persons in need
LEITKEPOVÁ, Květa
The aim of this diploma thesis was to ethically justify the Act on material need and to evaluate its meaning for human life within the society. To prove that aid in material need has an irreplaceable role within the society due to ethics with regard to the unique human dignity of every single individual. Based on that, it was necessary to proceed to defining the terms ´person´ and ´society´.
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Relationship of morality and right in conceptions of right H. L. A. Hart and R. M. Dworkin
Mach, Daniel ; Jirásková, Věra (advisor) ; Šmejkal, Jan (referee)
Diplomová práce se zabývá vztahem práva a morálky v iusnaturalismu a iuspozitivismu, přičemž poukazuje na různé významové konotace pojmů právo a morálka. Naznačuje historický vývoj obou směrů až do období dvacátého století a u dílčích období vývoje uvádí i významné představitele, a to včetně jejich hlavních filosofických myšlenek. Těžiště práce však spočívá ve srovnání přístupů a pojetí vztahu práva a morálky v koncepcích významných právních filosofů H. L. A. Harta a R. M. Dworkina. Oba muži bývají považováni za představitele zmíněných směrů a jejich názorový střet lze pokládat za jeden z nejvýraznějších momentů ve filosofii práva druhé poloviny dvacátého století. Práce se tak detailně věnuje problematice práva a morálky nejprve u H. L. A. Harta a následně pak u R. M. Dworkina. Snaží se předložit základy jejich právních tezí, charakterizovat přístup k chápání morálky a v neposlední řadě také popsat již výše zmiňovaný vztah dvou normativních systémů - práva a morálky. Diplomová práce vychází ze studia řady pramenů, jako jsou monografie, učebnice, sborníky, články odborných časopisů či internetové zdroje. Klíčovými se však mezi použitými zdroji stala především díla obou právních filosofů, která umožnila pochopit jejich rozdílná stanoviska k problematice práva a morálky. Pro naplnění stanovených cílů...
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The Right To Psychotherapy Outside A Medical System: An Ethical Reflexion Attempt
BLÁHOVÁ, Zuzana
The thesis deals with ethical reflection of the right to psychotherapy as a potential natural right, with regard to dispute about psychotherapy outside the health system and its ethical solution. The first part of the thesis clarify the origin and core of the dispute, its parties and their arguments, their conflicting and congruent interests and the impact of the dispute on the situation of the takers of psychotherapy. The second part is devoted to psychotherapy, first of all to the development of psychotherapy in context with political-cultural and historical conditionality, then it reflects the changes in the needs of the recipients of psychotherapy with respect to the transformation of society and finally it defines psychotherapy taking into account domestic and European trends. The third part of the thesis investigate the right to psychotherapy as a potential natural right and consequently also the importance of human rights for resolving the dispute about psychotherapy. First it pays attention to the natural law, to the natural rights and obligations and to the relationship of the natural and positive law; second it reflects the current possibilities of realizing the right to psychotherapy in the Czech Republic with regard to the conclusions of the previous research. The fourth part deals with the realization of the right to psychotherapy due to the principle of subsidiarity and its different concepts. The fifth part contains the discussion and reflection of the current development of the dispute and finally the conclusion of the thesis brings a summary and evaluation of the obtained conclusions.
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Conception of suicide in Francisco de Vitoria
PEŠEK, Jaroslav
This diploma thesis deals with the theory of Francisco de Vitoria and his concept of suicide. The first part focuses on the life of the thinker himself and other historical contexts that have influenced his work. In the second part the sources and the basics of his legal theory are solved, taking special account of its rationalistic interpretation. The last part is more practical and focuses on the issue of justifying self-killing in the light of Vitoria's work.
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Protection of personality in scope of legal philosophy and applicable law
Němec, Ronald ; Gerloch, Aleš (advisor) ; Harvánek, Jaromír (referee) ; Beran, Karel (referee)
PROTECTION OF PERSONALITY IN SCOPE OF LEGAL PHILOSOPHY AND APPLICABLE LAW 1. Summary We can see law from two main perspectives. Law is either complex of written regulations, which are prepared by human beings based on some interests or it is a complex of rules, which altough are written, but its nature are originating from higher normative system. First is a present perspective. Current law science is prefering valid law as complex of regulations published in statute book. What is not banned by law, is allowed. Though this law philosophy is leading to instability in society. Every year legislator is making hundreds of amendements and create new laws to cover new circumstances which appear in the society. Despite legislator effort is society further unsatisfied with legal state. Society claims that law is enforceable for those who are able to hire big law firms, which can find neccesary grey areas. Immanuel Kant among the first draw a problem between legality and legitimacy. But it is not only matter of legislator whether he acts legitimately or legally, but as well as of receiver of law norm. Is every legal act of the recepient of the legal order of the Czech Republic legal as legitimate? Legal yes, if in conformity with legal order. But is it even legitimate? And is it moral? For juspositivism is...
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Natural law as the basis of universal ethics?
TOMANDL, Antonín
The paper examines the development of natural law as a possible starting point for conceiving of ethic of a universal character. It is divided into two main parts, the first is devoted to the historical development and presentation of different conceptions of human nature, hence natural law, from the times of great philosophers such as Plato or Aristotle, up to John Finnis. The second part deals with natural law from the perspective of the International Theological Commission (ITC) in its more specific actualization and attempts some degree of comparison of this concept with the traditional concepts.
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Classic theories as sources of natural law
KOHOUT, Petr
This thesis is engaged in the theme of natural law, especially in sources of natural law - in theories, which are labelled as "classic". The thesis focuses on these theories (Aristotle, stoicism, Thomas Aquinas) and their common points, which are proper to these theories. That is the object of this thesis. These points present the essence of natural law. The first part explains problem of the term "natural law". The second part deals with the classic theories. The third chapter summarises findings of the second part. The fourth part is devoted to the similarity between the classic theories and the modern (enlightenment) theories. This chapter is devoted to the connection between natural law and positive law too.
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Terorism-ethic standards carriing interests of society (politics)
ŠŤASTNÝ, Michal
The diploma thesis deals with the terrorism and war, their meaning in the globalised world and with the possibility of ethical justification of violence. Theoretical part delineates terrorism, its terminology and political and social environment. It describes kinds and methods of terrorism, its history and some of the terrorist organizations with their goals. The thesis also compares terrorism and war in the parts where they intersect. In the next chapters it presents original ethical theories which would be supported by the moral assessment of violent enforcing of interests. There is explained the term of just war, its basic principles and obligatory attributes. Practical part characterize three chosen actual conflicts: the Al- Qaeda attacks on the United States from 11th September, 2001, Chechnya war for its autonomy and current factual occupation of Iraq by allied forces. Legitimate setting in the sense of ius ad bellum, the right to defend by the use of violence, was not mostly deconstructed. In the area of ius in bello, the right in the war, the hypothesis was not verified and the particular violent action did not fulfill some of the basic principles of just war.
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